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Djoser

Netjerikhet or Djoser (Turin King List "Dsr-it"; Manetho "Tosarthros") is the best-known pharaoh of the Third dynasty of Egypt. He commissioned his official, Imhotep (ca. 2650-2600 BC), to build the first of the pyramids, a step pyramid for him at Saqqara. Variants of his name include Zoser, Dzoser, Zozer, Dsr, Djeser, Djésèr, Horus-Netjerikhet, and Horus-Netjerichet.

Though there is significant controversy about dating the reigns of the Old Kingdom, The Third Dynasty is conventionally placed in the 27th century BC, with Djoser's reign roughly in the period ca 2635 to 2610 BC.

The painted limestone statue of Djoser, now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, is the oldest known life-sized Egyptian statue. Today at the site in Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original. The statue was found during the Antiquities Service Excavations of 1924-1925.

In contemporary inscriptions, he is called Netjerikhet, meaning "body of the gods." Later sources, which include a New Kingdom reference to his construction, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person.

While Manetho names Necherophes and the Turin King List names Nebka as the first ruler of the Third dynasty, many Egyptologists now believe Djoser was first king of this dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some predecessors of Khufu are mentioned in the Papyrus Westcar suggests Nebka should be placed between Djoser and Huni, not before Djoser. More significantly, the English Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson has demonstrated that burial seals found at the entrance to Khasekhemwy's tomb in Abydos name only Djoser, rather than Nebka. This supports the view that it was Djoser who buried, and hence directly succeeded, Khasekhemwy, rather than Nebka.

Reign length

Manetho states Djoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it was only nineteen years. Because of his many substantial building projects, particularly at Saqqara, some scholars argue Djoser must have enjoyed a reign of nearly three decades. Manetho's figure appears to be more accurate, according to Wilkinson's analysis and reconstruction of the Royal Annals. Wilkinson reconstructs the Annals as giving Djoser "28 complete or partial years", noting that the cattle counts recorded on Palermo Stone register V, and Cairo Fragment 1 register V, for the beginning and ending of Djoser's reign, would most likely indicate his regnal Years 1-5 and 19-28.

Reign

Djoser dispatched several military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions there to mine for valuable minerals such as turquoise and copper. This is known from inscriptions found in the desert there, sometimes displaying the banner of Seth alongside the symbols of Horus, as had been more common under Khasekhemwy. The Sinai was also strategically important as a buffer between the Nile valley and Asia.

His most famous monument was his step pyramid, which entailed the construction of several mastaba tombs one over another. These forms would eventually lead to the standard pyramid tomb in the later Old Kingdom. Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that "Tosorthros" discovered how to build with hewn stone, in addition to being remembered as the physician Aesculapius, and for introducing some reforms in the writing system. Modern scholars think that Manetho originally ascribed (or meant to ascribe) these feats to Imuthes, who was later deified as Aesculapius by the Greeks and Romans, and who corresponds to Imhotep, the famous minister of Djoser who engineered the Step Pyramid's construction.

Some fragmentary reliefs found at Heliopolis and Gebelein mention Djoser's name and suggest he commissioned construction projects in those cities. Also, he may have fixed the southern boundary of his kingdom at the First Cataract. An inscription known as the Famine Stela and claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but probably created during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of Khnum on the island of Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription as a legend at the time it was inscribed. Nonetheless, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Egyptians still remembered Djoser.

Although he seems to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy of the 2nd dynasty was thus the last pharaoh ever to be buried at Abydos, some Egyptologists infer that the shift to a more northerly capital was completed during Djoser's time.

Family

Because Queen Nimaethap, the wife of Khasekhemwy, the last king of the Second dynasty of Egypt, is mentioned on a jar sealing of Khasekhemwy with the title "Mother of the King's children", some writers argue she was Djoser's mother and Khasekhemwy was his father. This is also suggested by another jar sealing, dating to Djoser's reign, calling her "Mother of the King of the Two Lands". Her cult seems to have still been active in the later reign of Sneferu.

Hetephernebti is identified as one of Djoser's queens "on a series of boundary stela from the Step Pyramid enclosure (now in various museums) and a fragment of relief from a building at Hermopolis" currently in the Egyptian museum of Turin.[4]

Inetkawes was their only daughter known by name. There was also a third royal female attested during Djoser's reign, but her name is destroyed. The relationship between Djoser and his successor, Sekhemkhet, is not known, and the date of his death is uncertain

Ramses I

Ramesses I was the Pharaoh of Egypt, founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty, was a military man and the rule of Egypt and large over the past two years remaining two years of age between 1291 and 1290 BC. Lightweight son of King Seti I and his grandson of King Ramses II. The country prospered in the era of the Egyptian family and assumed the lead of cultural and military among its neighbors in that period. However, it began to decompose from Ramses III plot minors. We know that the descendants of Ramesses I ruled Egypt and Ramses atheist, the last century.

His life and achievements

Ramesses the First or Deputy build_with_hemp Re politicized the army in the reign of King Horemheb and was named Breetmso where he has no assets of ownership. But it was long a military family, and was advanced in age, when he became king was arrived fifty years of age. Took for himself the name of Rameses any Walid Ra.

King Horemheb left military matters to his fellow Ramses, and he is focusing on the internal affairs in the country. And when he ascended the throne of Egypt's Pharaoh Ramses, he turned his attention to the city of Tanis, which became the summer residence of himself and of his successor, his son, King Seti I, and worked to re-install the old religion and the worship of Amun after the collapse of the religious revolution which had been introduced by Akhenaton, before the reign of Tutankhamen, King Horemheb after him . Caused a religious revolution of Akhenaten and his focus on the worship of Aten (ie, sun) and taken to the god monotheism and abolished religion of Amun and other deities. Cause dictate that the new religion and the worship of Aten monopoly to disgruntled priests of Amun who had the authority to great temples of Amun and property in the country. This attempted to overthrow the government after the death of Akhenaten. And his successor, King Tutankhamun and the furnace was still small and could not resist the midst of Tutankhamun disgruntled priests, at the same time were not the worship of Aten was Asttpt yet among the sects of people, apart from Tutankhamun's name to the Aten Tutankhamun and the work he and his army commander Horemheb then to satisfy priests of Amun and retrieval of the old authority of religion. When assuming the throne of Pharaoh Ramses I is also up to install the religion of Amun and the elimination of religion coming here to save the country from the ongoing revolution.

The reign of Ramses I to just two years, because of his age at the time he ascended the throne


Effects

Rameses I started to build the Great Hall Alosatin (colonnade) in Karnak completed by his son, Seti I, and the short reign of Ramses I was not able to leave important implications in Egypt. At the same time ordered the construction of a tomb for himself (No. KV16) in the Valley of the Kings but he died before completion, and therefore has been buried Momciah one of the rooms in front of the tomb. Was found in his tomb on the manuscript called the book one of the parts sections Book of the Dead, and this manuscript is important as giving us an idea of the ancient Egyptian beliefs.

There are some few effects of King Ramses I in Memphis and Heliopolis, as well as his son in the temple of Seti I at Abydos.

Cemetery

Ramses I was buried in the cemetery No. 16 Valley of the Kings and was discovered by Giovanni Battista Belzoni, consisting of a short corridor and enter the burial chamber containing the sarcophagus of King, which is decorated with paintings of Ramses I with a number of gods. It appears from the decorating was completed quickly and rush to imagine where Ramesses I in the presence of the gods Osiris and Ptah and Anubis, a burial chamber consisting of one semi-square, and inside a granite sarcophagus was found open, and found the contents of the tomb are now in the British Museum.

The mummy was stolen first by the Abdul Rasul family and sold to antiquities dealer named Mustapha Aga seven pounds and smuggled to North America by Dr. James Douglas in 1860. And was later put in the Museum of Niagara Falls, Canada. The mummy remained unidentified, and view the contents of the Museum of Niagara Falls for sale and was bought by a Canadian businessman named William Jamison in 1999 and sold a group of Egyptian antiquities, including a large number of mummies to the Michael Carlos Museum in Atlanta for the U.S. $ 2 million, and remained in the museum for a period of 4 years. Was then carried out several studies and tests them to make sure it was the mummy of Ramses I. Was re-mummy to Egypt in early 2003, was received at the Egyptian Museum with a memorable celebration. The mummy will be transferred to the Museum of the glory of a good Luxor to join the mummy of Seti I and his son, grandson, Ramses II.


The name of the coronation

Shown king of Egypt, a number of names (usually 5 s) containing the name of birth (personal), and his name as king of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the name associated to the god Horus (Falcon), ruling on the ground, and the name of the crown, which reflects the relationship of the gods, King, and others. In the following we offer those names of King Ramses I and its relationship to the gods Amun-Re, Horus, and Ma'at. In the following view to read the letters from left to right, contrary to what was written by the ancient Egyptians, it was usually written from right to left.

Horemheb

Horemheb Haremhab meryamun. (His name is sometimes written Horemhab or Haremhab) (spirit or love Mary Amon) was the last pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt in the history of ancient Egypt, and Pharaoh of Egypt from 1338 to late 1308 BC in the era of the modern state.

The meaning of his full name, Mary, Horemheb Amun "Horus in the cheers, beloved of Amun."

Beginnings

Little is known about the background to the Pharaoh Horemheb The Last King of the Egyptian family of eighteen. In accordance with the French Egyptologist Nicolas Jrimal (the Sorbonne) does not seem that Horemheb himself Batmahb Paatenemheb (located in the furnace of joy), who was commanding general of the Army of Akhenaten [1]. Jrimal notes that early political function Horemheb began under Tutankhamun as he set out to by the King in the chapel of the tomb of Horemheb in Memphis (Saqqara), early in his political life, was "a royal spokesman on behalf of the outside Egypt," and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the rulers of Nubia and the resulting to the reciprocity of the visit by the "Prince of the Nuba Miam (Aniba)" of Tutankhamun, "the event, which was filmed in the tomb of Wali Hui and Horemheb has grown rapidly in importance in light of Tutankhamun, and became commander in chief of the army, and adviser of Pharaoh.

Minister for Tutankhamun

It is noteworthy that the historical evidence indicate the presence of ministers of Tutankhamun, one خپر خپرو Re AYE (any) and the other was Horemheb and there archaeological evidence confirms that after the death of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye receive the reins of power for a short period to be replaced by the Second Minister of Horemheb, which was in the custody of destroyed most of the evidence to the reign of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye and this confirms some of the conspiracy theory and the fact that the death of Tutankhamen, the result of a murder and not for reasons satisfactory

Domestic reform

Started a comprehensive series of internal reforms to curb the abuse of power and privileges that had begun under Akhenaten, due to the centralization of state power and privileges in the hands of a few officials. And re-appointed judges and local religious authorities and the Department of legal authority between Upper and Lower Egypt between the "Minister of the good and Memphis, respectively.

Rendered the policy of Akhenaten Egypt empire founded by Tuthmosis I, Tuthmosis III and Horemheb took the government to re-discipline to the State Administration of King Horemheb was the first to develop legislation and laws to regulate public life in history [3] concerned with the issuance of a number of laws that govern the relationship between the individual and the ruling authority.


Construction

Horemheb built the Temple Mount returned between Wadi Halfa Obosnell the lobby of the celebrations at the Temple with seven columns on each side and surrounded by a wall with a ceiling and was lead from the courtyard of Amenhotep the outside to the yard much more seems to have been held at a date after which was held in this place Birthdays God and celebrations and all the walls of the temple was originally decorated with splendid reliefs [4].

Cemetery

Horemheb prepared for the construction of non-ownership of a cemetery at Saqqara, sat commander Horemheb then on the throne stood upon a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings was found on the tomb of King Horemheb in the Valley of the Kings where the tomb of King Tutankhamun. Lübbe tombs of Thutmose III and Ramses III, IV and V and the City first. The walls of the tomb of King Horemheb illustrated in high relief wall reliefs.

His successor,

Horemheb Ramses minister chose as his successor on the throne. The reign of Ramses I, who founded the Nineteenth Dynasty just two years because of his age at the time he ascended the throne

Narmer

Or Narmer Narmer of Upper Egypt, "at the" King of the Kingdom of the South united Upper Egypt, "the Kingdom of the South" and Lower Egypt, "the Kingdom of the North" in the thirty-second century BC, and founder of the First Dynasty. It is believed that behind the king Srki, the last king of pre-dynastic period. It is believed by many scholars that Srki is the same as Narmer. Panel famous Narmer, discovered in 1898 in هيراكونپوليس, shows Narmer pregnant motto of Upper Egypt (front) and Lower Egypt (Delta), which reinforced the theory that he was a unified realm. Traditionally attributed this achievement to the king Mina, and this is what the list of Manetho remember besides being the first kings of the Pharaohs. Some scientists believe that Menes and Narmer are the same person, while other scientists believe that the enamel is Horus, a brother and he inherited the rule of Egypt, which alone Narmer by him. Other scientists believe that Narmer began the process of unification but either did not succeed or succeeded only partially; leaving it to Menes to complete. Another theory is equal to the probability is that immediately followed the King Narmer who unified Egypt (who was perhaps the King Scorpion, who found his name on the scepter in هيراكونپوليس), and then adopted symbols of unification that was used for perhaps a generation. It should be noted that while there was a lot of concrete evidence of a pharaoh named Narmer, there is no evidence except the list of Manetho and the myth of a King Mena. List of Kings recently discovered in the tombs of Den and bottoming remember Narmer as the founder of this royal family.

Narmer is the name of the audio hieroglyphic symbols "Blared" any catfish and "passed" any hammer (or Qadom). These icons can also pronounced as follows: "Narmro" or "Mrunar", but the custom was to say "Narmer". The name means: catfish angry.

His wife thought it was Enait حوتپ A, and the princess of Lower Egypt. Name was found in the tombs of immediate successors of Narmer Hor Took The Ledger, which leads to believe that it was a mother or wife of Hor Took.

It is believed that the tomb was composed of two rooms connected by (B17 and B18) and the very area of Umm Alqab at Abydos.

Important Note: For Alterhmp to mention the name of Narmer you can not scientists Ancient Egyptian language yet know the name of Narmer may likely name means catfish I'm angry, but I ruled out the name of the king was able to reunite the two countries Ptsmit himself by that name instead of Tlguib himself king of Lower Egypt and Upper

Taa Raa

Taa Raa cr second one of the greatest kings of Egypt, where he first started the actual fighting to expel the Hyksos from Egypt, which expired son Ahmose the First.

The son of King Sankht that Re cr I also called Taa Ra cr I and Queen Tetishery and the dates of his reign is uncertain but it is believed that he came to power in 1560 BC. M or 1558 BC. M

Beginning of the war with the Hyksos

King Raa cr Sagnnn second is the first king began fighting with the Hyksos and no document is a paper Salber came in the form of a story attributed to the age of Taa Ra tells us how he started the dispute between the King of the Hyksos Apophis Aguenn Ra and King Taa Ra, Apophis was sent from Aoares located in the northern Delta message Taa Raa to tell him that the voices of hippos in Lake Alnehralte good weary and rob them of sleep by himself, although he and a good 500 miles, and ordering him to find any means to overcome them, this letter was tantamount to a declaration of war.

Family
Taa Raa cr married the second of Queen Ah-hotep and fathered Kamose Latest Seventeenth Dynasty and Ahmose I the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Death

There are several theories as to how the death of the most common Taa Ra was killed in battle with the Hyksos and see some of the theories he was killed while he was asleep, as he was lying on its right side when he was attacked because he was either asleep or because he had already suffered and fell on its right side before She dreams of Deathblow.

The body was embalmed and short rush and thought that the reason was mummifying in the place of the battle to keep it from rotting in order to convey to Thebes, where there was a second attempt to mummifying, and there are now mummy in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Was found in the tomb pits draa Abu Naga in 1881, have revealed the mummy later in June 9, 1886 by Gaston Maspero

Taa Raa king died while fighting the Hyksos, as are the effects Mittp ugly wound on his skull full of fractures and a result of beatings with bayonets and centralized palace, and found his teeth in a compressor strongly on the tongue as a result of severe pain in the last moments of life of the king.

The king's head a lot of severe injuries a dagger thrust behind the left ear to Lmk reached his neck, chest and broke his nose and blows Palmqama. There is also a cut caused by the war hatchet, breaking the bone above his forehead.

King Taa Raa upright where the length of 170 cm, a great head and muscular, and thick curly black hair, not exceeding thirty years of age when he died only a little.

Hatshepsut

The original name of Hatshepsut is: Amun Hatshepsut and captured a means: Amon favorite concubine or mistress ladies Amon jewel princesses. The daughter of King Thutmose I and wife of Tuthmosis II and wife of Tuthmosis III, where the father begotten, Tuthmosis III, Tuthmosis II, one (Harem) the royal court.


A limestone statue of Hatshepsut tempered at the Metropolitan Museum. The statue was produced without the chin traditional aliases, but it keeps the rest of the symbols of pharaonic power; living property - obviously removed - and Alkhat headdress. Queen Hatshepsut Maat Ka Ra (- 1482 BC. M.)'s Most famous queens in history, and the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and ruled from 1503 BC. m. Until 1482 BC. M. Distinguish outdated military strength, construction and flights carried out. The eldest daughter of Pharaoh of Egypt, King Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose, her mother and her father the king had fathered an illegitimate son of Tuthmosis II, is accepted to marry him the tradition of royal families to participate together in power after his death, and that a solution to the problem of the heir to his.

This queen left the many mysteries and secrets and may be more of those puzzles raise the personality of "die," the engineer who built a famous temple in Deir el-Bahari, which gave him 80 career titles and was responsible for the care of her only daughter has reached the love for Mlicth to dig a tunnel between the cemetery and the tomb. If historians were hints to indicate the presence of love have been collected Monday they're going to die, Hatshepsut, the queen and his valet had also participated in "The life of legendary" and ended each end of the mysterious still a mystery until now.

Rule
Known rule of Hatshepsut, peace and prosperity where she had tried its utmost for the development of relations, especially trade with the countries of the ancient Near East to prevent any wars with them.

Taking office

Dgsr Dgsro is the main building in the mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahari Hatshepsut. Designed to die as an example of which corresponds to the full thousand years before الپارثينون. Hatshepsut faced many problems in the beginning due to its rule from behind the curtain without an official and some historians argue that they had killed her husband and her brother Tuthmosis II to seize power. On the other hand experience problems with the people who thought she was a woman most people can not govern the country, as it was known as the King in accordance with the representative of the god Horus, the ruling on the ground. So it was always wearing a dress festooned with men, and she is the daughter of Amon rumored to convince people that they can rule. At the same time was the legitimate heir, Tuthmosis III was still a boy and could not care of the interests of the country. Hatshepsut also worked on the rule of the country to grow up, and took into account that grow up, Tuthmosis III, a military education so that he can take the reins of power later. Hatshepsut was active trade with neighboring Egypt, where trade was in poor condition, especially in the reign of King Thutmose II, ordered the construction of several facilities, the Temple of Karnak, also established a temple in Deir el-Bahri in Luxor, characterized by outdated peace and prosperity

Missions to the country's Neighborhood
Focused on Hatshepsut Egyptian commercial fleet and established large vessels and exploited in the inward transfer of obelisks, which ordered added to the Karnak temple in praise of the god Amun or send ships to exchange trade missions with its neighbors, and their outdated prosperity and peace in Egypt, and increased demand for recreational items brought in by the merchant fleets of neighboring countries.


Statues of the Azores in the Temple of Hatshepsut Deir el-Bahri in Luxor - the West.
Hatshepsut in the form of Horus Temple of Luxor. Mission Atlantic Ocean: Queen Hatshepsut sent a large fleet to the Atlantic Ocean and trade flourished with the Atlantic Ocean for the importation of certain types of rare fish.

Mission Puntland: Queen Hatshepsut sent a trade mission on board large vessels are the navigation on the Red Sea, loaded with gifts and goods such as Egyptian papyrus and linen to Puntland, Somalia (now), Laa King Pont Mission was received well, then returned laden with large quantities of wild animals, wood and incense , ebony, ivory, leather and precious stones. Portrayed Queen Hatshepsut News that mission on the walls of the Temple of Deir el-Bahari on the west bank of the Nile Andaloqsr. Still color graphics that decorate this temple Brongaha flourish and retain their beauty to a large extent.

Mission Aswan: Also depicted on the walls of Deir el-Bahari Temple of Hatshepsut, describes the mission to the granite quarries at Aswan to bring the huge stones of the facility. And has established a Mslten Aswan granite with great praise of the god Amun is each about 35 tons, were then transported on the Nile so good and took Almseltan count in the Temple of Karnak in Luxor. When you visit Napoleon during the French campaign on Egypt in 1879 ordered the transfer of one Almslten to France, which until now adorn the Place de la Concorde in the French capital Paris.

And admired by historians and engineers to this day, the Egyptians the ability to transfer that Almslten from Aswan to Luxor. The process of downloading Almslten and then transferred to ships on the Nile and Inzalhma on land, and then transferred to a place on the ground they build is not easy at all. And more than that too is the construction of Almseltan in the place of choice are exactly in front of the edifice which was built by Queen Anspsot Karnak Temple a few meters away from the edifice. Engineers are still so far put the theories of the method used by the ancient Egyptian engineer to carry out this Herculean task. Not only that, has issued orders the establishment of Hatshepsut Obelisk Obelisk is the largest in human history consists of a single piece of stone weighing over 1000 tons to put them to the temple of Karnak, the ancient Egyptian engineers left after discovering the crack to prevent their use. And is currently visiting tourists from all over the world to see the miracle of the obelisk that incomplete processing in the quarry of Aswan. And ask themselves: How would the ancient Egyptians the transfer of these giant obelisk to the Temple of Karnak? One described the methods of German Egyptologists cut stone that the ancient Egyptians were dealing with the stone as if it were butter, and actually can be seen in a quarry in Aswan.

Hatshepsut in popular culture
Of the most famous queen who ruled Egypt and Tulane is one of the beautiful, and Hatshepsut is the first of the glove and bounced to a birth defect, finger (6 or more in the fingers of one hand) did not people know only after seeing the mummy In most of the statues made of her was her hands they seem to nature reserves The order sculptors so, is also the first of the glove embroidered with precious stones