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Djoser

Netjerikhet or Djoser (Turin King List "Dsr-it"; Manetho "Tosarthros") is the best-known pharaoh of the Third dynasty of Egypt. He commissioned his official, Imhotep (ca. 2650-2600 BC), to build the first of the pyramids, a step pyramid for him at Saqqara. Variants of his name include Zoser, Dzoser, Zozer, Dsr, Djeser, Djésèr, Horus-Netjerikhet, and Horus-Netjerichet.

Though there is significant controversy about dating the reigns of the Old Kingdom, The Third Dynasty is conventionally placed in the 27th century BC, with Djoser's reign roughly in the period ca 2635 to 2610 BC.

The painted limestone statue of Djoser, now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, is the oldest known life-sized Egyptian statue. Today at the site in Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original. The statue was found during the Antiquities Service Excavations of 1924-1925.

In contemporary inscriptions, he is called Netjerikhet, meaning "body of the gods." Later sources, which include a New Kingdom reference to his construction, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person.

While Manetho names Necherophes and the Turin King List names Nebka as the first ruler of the Third dynasty, many Egyptologists now believe Djoser was first king of this dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some predecessors of Khufu are mentioned in the Papyrus Westcar suggests Nebka should be placed between Djoser and Huni, not before Djoser. More significantly, the English Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson has demonstrated that burial seals found at the entrance to Khasekhemwy's tomb in Abydos name only Djoser, rather than Nebka. This supports the view that it was Djoser who buried, and hence directly succeeded, Khasekhemwy, rather than Nebka.

Reign length

Manetho states Djoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it was only nineteen years. Because of his many substantial building projects, particularly at Saqqara, some scholars argue Djoser must have enjoyed a reign of nearly three decades. Manetho's figure appears to be more accurate, according to Wilkinson's analysis and reconstruction of the Royal Annals. Wilkinson reconstructs the Annals as giving Djoser "28 complete or partial years", noting that the cattle counts recorded on Palermo Stone register V, and Cairo Fragment 1 register V, for the beginning and ending of Djoser's reign, would most likely indicate his regnal Years 1-5 and 19-28.

Reign

Djoser dispatched several military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions there to mine for valuable minerals such as turquoise and copper. This is known from inscriptions found in the desert there, sometimes displaying the banner of Seth alongside the symbols of Horus, as had been more common under Khasekhemwy. The Sinai was also strategically important as a buffer between the Nile valley and Asia.

His most famous monument was his step pyramid, which entailed the construction of several mastaba tombs one over another. These forms would eventually lead to the standard pyramid tomb in the later Old Kingdom. Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that "Tosorthros" discovered how to build with hewn stone, in addition to being remembered as the physician Aesculapius, and for introducing some reforms in the writing system. Modern scholars think that Manetho originally ascribed (or meant to ascribe) these feats to Imuthes, who was later deified as Aesculapius by the Greeks and Romans, and who corresponds to Imhotep, the famous minister of Djoser who engineered the Step Pyramid's construction.

Some fragmentary reliefs found at Heliopolis and Gebelein mention Djoser's name and suggest he commissioned construction projects in those cities. Also, he may have fixed the southern boundary of his kingdom at the First Cataract. An inscription known as the Famine Stela and claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but probably created during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of Khnum on the island of Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription as a legend at the time it was inscribed. Nonetheless, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Egyptians still remembered Djoser.

Although he seems to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy of the 2nd dynasty was thus the last pharaoh ever to be buried at Abydos, some Egyptologists infer that the shift to a more northerly capital was completed during Djoser's time.

Family

Because Queen Nimaethap, the wife of Khasekhemwy, the last king of the Second dynasty of Egypt, is mentioned on a jar sealing of Khasekhemwy with the title "Mother of the King's children", some writers argue she was Djoser's mother and Khasekhemwy was his father. This is also suggested by another jar sealing, dating to Djoser's reign, calling her "Mother of the King of the Two Lands". Her cult seems to have still been active in the later reign of Sneferu.

Hetephernebti is identified as one of Djoser's queens "on a series of boundary stela from the Step Pyramid enclosure (now in various museums) and a fragment of relief from a building at Hermopolis" currently in the Egyptian museum of Turin.[4]

Inetkawes was their only daughter known by name. There was also a third royal female attested during Djoser's reign, but her name is destroyed. The relationship between Djoser and his successor, Sekhemkhet, is not known, and the date of his death is uncertain

Ramses I

Ramesses I was the Pharaoh of Egypt, founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty, was a military man and the rule of Egypt and large over the past two years remaining two years of age between 1291 and 1290 BC. Lightweight son of King Seti I and his grandson of King Ramses II. The country prospered in the era of the Egyptian family and assumed the lead of cultural and military among its neighbors in that period. However, it began to decompose from Ramses III plot minors. We know that the descendants of Ramesses I ruled Egypt and Ramses atheist, the last century.

His life and achievements

Ramesses the First or Deputy build_with_hemp Re politicized the army in the reign of King Horemheb and was named Breetmso where he has no assets of ownership. But it was long a military family, and was advanced in age, when he became king was arrived fifty years of age. Took for himself the name of Rameses any Walid Ra.

King Horemheb left military matters to his fellow Ramses, and he is focusing on the internal affairs in the country. And when he ascended the throne of Egypt's Pharaoh Ramses, he turned his attention to the city of Tanis, which became the summer residence of himself and of his successor, his son, King Seti I, and worked to re-install the old religion and the worship of Amun after the collapse of the religious revolution which had been introduced by Akhenaton, before the reign of Tutankhamen, King Horemheb after him . Caused a religious revolution of Akhenaten and his focus on the worship of Aten (ie, sun) and taken to the god monotheism and abolished religion of Amun and other deities. Cause dictate that the new religion and the worship of Aten monopoly to disgruntled priests of Amun who had the authority to great temples of Amun and property in the country. This attempted to overthrow the government after the death of Akhenaten. And his successor, King Tutankhamun and the furnace was still small and could not resist the midst of Tutankhamun disgruntled priests, at the same time were not the worship of Aten was Asttpt yet among the sects of people, apart from Tutankhamun's name to the Aten Tutankhamun and the work he and his army commander Horemheb then to satisfy priests of Amun and retrieval of the old authority of religion. When assuming the throne of Pharaoh Ramses I is also up to install the religion of Amun and the elimination of religion coming here to save the country from the ongoing revolution.

The reign of Ramses I to just two years, because of his age at the time he ascended the throne


Effects

Rameses I started to build the Great Hall Alosatin (colonnade) in Karnak completed by his son, Seti I, and the short reign of Ramses I was not able to leave important implications in Egypt. At the same time ordered the construction of a tomb for himself (No. KV16) in the Valley of the Kings but he died before completion, and therefore has been buried Momciah one of the rooms in front of the tomb. Was found in his tomb on the manuscript called the book one of the parts sections Book of the Dead, and this manuscript is important as giving us an idea of the ancient Egyptian beliefs.

There are some few effects of King Ramses I in Memphis and Heliopolis, as well as his son in the temple of Seti I at Abydos.

Cemetery

Ramses I was buried in the cemetery No. 16 Valley of the Kings and was discovered by Giovanni Battista Belzoni, consisting of a short corridor and enter the burial chamber containing the sarcophagus of King, which is decorated with paintings of Ramses I with a number of gods. It appears from the decorating was completed quickly and rush to imagine where Ramesses I in the presence of the gods Osiris and Ptah and Anubis, a burial chamber consisting of one semi-square, and inside a granite sarcophagus was found open, and found the contents of the tomb are now in the British Museum.

The mummy was stolen first by the Abdul Rasul family and sold to antiquities dealer named Mustapha Aga seven pounds and smuggled to North America by Dr. James Douglas in 1860. And was later put in the Museum of Niagara Falls, Canada. The mummy remained unidentified, and view the contents of the Museum of Niagara Falls for sale and was bought by a Canadian businessman named William Jamison in 1999 and sold a group of Egyptian antiquities, including a large number of mummies to the Michael Carlos Museum in Atlanta for the U.S. $ 2 million, and remained in the museum for a period of 4 years. Was then carried out several studies and tests them to make sure it was the mummy of Ramses I. Was re-mummy to Egypt in early 2003, was received at the Egyptian Museum with a memorable celebration. The mummy will be transferred to the Museum of the glory of a good Luxor to join the mummy of Seti I and his son, grandson, Ramses II.


The name of the coronation

Shown king of Egypt, a number of names (usually 5 s) containing the name of birth (personal), and his name as king of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the name associated to the god Horus (Falcon), ruling on the ground, and the name of the crown, which reflects the relationship of the gods, King, and others. In the following we offer those names of King Ramses I and its relationship to the gods Amun-Re, Horus, and Ma'at. In the following view to read the letters from left to right, contrary to what was written by the ancient Egyptians, it was usually written from right to left.

Horemheb

Horemheb Haremhab meryamun. (His name is sometimes written Horemhab or Haremhab) (spirit or love Mary Amon) was the last pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt in the history of ancient Egypt, and Pharaoh of Egypt from 1338 to late 1308 BC in the era of the modern state.

The meaning of his full name, Mary, Horemheb Amun "Horus in the cheers, beloved of Amun."

Beginnings

Little is known about the background to the Pharaoh Horemheb The Last King of the Egyptian family of eighteen. In accordance with the French Egyptologist Nicolas Jrimal (the Sorbonne) does not seem that Horemheb himself Batmahb Paatenemheb (located in the furnace of joy), who was commanding general of the Army of Akhenaten [1]. Jrimal notes that early political function Horemheb began under Tutankhamun as he set out to by the King in the chapel of the tomb of Horemheb in Memphis (Saqqara), early in his political life, was "a royal spokesman on behalf of the outside Egypt," and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the rulers of Nubia and the resulting to the reciprocity of the visit by the "Prince of the Nuba Miam (Aniba)" of Tutankhamun, "the event, which was filmed in the tomb of Wali Hui and Horemheb has grown rapidly in importance in light of Tutankhamun, and became commander in chief of the army, and adviser of Pharaoh.

Minister for Tutankhamun

It is noteworthy that the historical evidence indicate the presence of ministers of Tutankhamun, one خپر خپرو Re AYE (any) and the other was Horemheb and there archaeological evidence confirms that after the death of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye receive the reins of power for a short period to be replaced by the Second Minister of Horemheb, which was in the custody of destroyed most of the evidence to the reign of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye and this confirms some of the conspiracy theory and the fact that the death of Tutankhamen, the result of a murder and not for reasons satisfactory

Domestic reform

Started a comprehensive series of internal reforms to curb the abuse of power and privileges that had begun under Akhenaten, due to the centralization of state power and privileges in the hands of a few officials. And re-appointed judges and local religious authorities and the Department of legal authority between Upper and Lower Egypt between the "Minister of the good and Memphis, respectively.

Rendered the policy of Akhenaten Egypt empire founded by Tuthmosis I, Tuthmosis III and Horemheb took the government to re-discipline to the State Administration of King Horemheb was the first to develop legislation and laws to regulate public life in history [3] concerned with the issuance of a number of laws that govern the relationship between the individual and the ruling authority.


Construction

Horemheb built the Temple Mount returned between Wadi Halfa Obosnell the lobby of the celebrations at the Temple with seven columns on each side and surrounded by a wall with a ceiling and was lead from the courtyard of Amenhotep the outside to the yard much more seems to have been held at a date after which was held in this place Birthdays God and celebrations and all the walls of the temple was originally decorated with splendid reliefs [4].

Cemetery

Horemheb prepared for the construction of non-ownership of a cemetery at Saqqara, sat commander Horemheb then on the throne stood upon a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings was found on the tomb of King Horemheb in the Valley of the Kings where the tomb of King Tutankhamun. Lübbe tombs of Thutmose III and Ramses III, IV and V and the City first. The walls of the tomb of King Horemheb illustrated in high relief wall reliefs.

His successor,

Horemheb Ramses minister chose as his successor on the throne. The reign of Ramses I, who founded the Nineteenth Dynasty just two years because of his age at the time he ascended the throne

Narmer

Or Narmer Narmer of Upper Egypt, "at the" King of the Kingdom of the South united Upper Egypt, "the Kingdom of the South" and Lower Egypt, "the Kingdom of the North" in the thirty-second century BC, and founder of the First Dynasty. It is believed that behind the king Srki, the last king of pre-dynastic period. It is believed by many scholars that Srki is the same as Narmer. Panel famous Narmer, discovered in 1898 in هيراكونپوليس, shows Narmer pregnant motto of Upper Egypt (front) and Lower Egypt (Delta), which reinforced the theory that he was a unified realm. Traditionally attributed this achievement to the king Mina, and this is what the list of Manetho remember besides being the first kings of the Pharaohs. Some scientists believe that Menes and Narmer are the same person, while other scientists believe that the enamel is Horus, a brother and he inherited the rule of Egypt, which alone Narmer by him. Other scientists believe that Narmer began the process of unification but either did not succeed or succeeded only partially; leaving it to Menes to complete. Another theory is equal to the probability is that immediately followed the King Narmer who unified Egypt (who was perhaps the King Scorpion, who found his name on the scepter in هيراكونپوليس), and then adopted symbols of unification that was used for perhaps a generation. It should be noted that while there was a lot of concrete evidence of a pharaoh named Narmer, there is no evidence except the list of Manetho and the myth of a King Mena. List of Kings recently discovered in the tombs of Den and bottoming remember Narmer as the founder of this royal family.

Narmer is the name of the audio hieroglyphic symbols "Blared" any catfish and "passed" any hammer (or Qadom). These icons can also pronounced as follows: "Narmro" or "Mrunar", but the custom was to say "Narmer". The name means: catfish angry.

His wife thought it was Enait حوتپ A, and the princess of Lower Egypt. Name was found in the tombs of immediate successors of Narmer Hor Took The Ledger, which leads to believe that it was a mother or wife of Hor Took.

It is believed that the tomb was composed of two rooms connected by (B17 and B18) and the very area of Umm Alqab at Abydos.

Important Note: For Alterhmp to mention the name of Narmer you can not scientists Ancient Egyptian language yet know the name of Narmer may likely name means catfish I'm angry, but I ruled out the name of the king was able to reunite the two countries Ptsmit himself by that name instead of Tlguib himself king of Lower Egypt and Upper

Taa Raa

Taa Raa cr second one of the greatest kings of Egypt, where he first started the actual fighting to expel the Hyksos from Egypt, which expired son Ahmose the First.

The son of King Sankht that Re cr I also called Taa Ra cr I and Queen Tetishery and the dates of his reign is uncertain but it is believed that he came to power in 1560 BC. M or 1558 BC. M

Beginning of the war with the Hyksos

King Raa cr Sagnnn second is the first king began fighting with the Hyksos and no document is a paper Salber came in the form of a story attributed to the age of Taa Ra tells us how he started the dispute between the King of the Hyksos Apophis Aguenn Ra and King Taa Ra, Apophis was sent from Aoares located in the northern Delta message Taa Raa to tell him that the voices of hippos in Lake Alnehralte good weary and rob them of sleep by himself, although he and a good 500 miles, and ordering him to find any means to overcome them, this letter was tantamount to a declaration of war.

Family
Taa Raa cr married the second of Queen Ah-hotep and fathered Kamose Latest Seventeenth Dynasty and Ahmose I the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Death

There are several theories as to how the death of the most common Taa Ra was killed in battle with the Hyksos and see some of the theories he was killed while he was asleep, as he was lying on its right side when he was attacked because he was either asleep or because he had already suffered and fell on its right side before She dreams of Deathblow.

The body was embalmed and short rush and thought that the reason was mummifying in the place of the battle to keep it from rotting in order to convey to Thebes, where there was a second attempt to mummifying, and there are now mummy in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Was found in the tomb pits draa Abu Naga in 1881, have revealed the mummy later in June 9, 1886 by Gaston Maspero

Taa Raa king died while fighting the Hyksos, as are the effects Mittp ugly wound on his skull full of fractures and a result of beatings with bayonets and centralized palace, and found his teeth in a compressor strongly on the tongue as a result of severe pain in the last moments of life of the king.

The king's head a lot of severe injuries a dagger thrust behind the left ear to Lmk reached his neck, chest and broke his nose and blows Palmqama. There is also a cut caused by the war hatchet, breaking the bone above his forehead.

King Taa Raa upright where the length of 170 cm, a great head and muscular, and thick curly black hair, not exceeding thirty years of age when he died only a little.

Hatshepsut

The original name of Hatshepsut is: Amun Hatshepsut and captured a means: Amon favorite concubine or mistress ladies Amon jewel princesses. The daughter of King Thutmose I and wife of Tuthmosis II and wife of Tuthmosis III, where the father begotten, Tuthmosis III, Tuthmosis II, one (Harem) the royal court.


A limestone statue of Hatshepsut tempered at the Metropolitan Museum. The statue was produced without the chin traditional aliases, but it keeps the rest of the symbols of pharaonic power; living property - obviously removed - and Alkhat headdress. Queen Hatshepsut Maat Ka Ra (- 1482 BC. M.)'s Most famous queens in history, and the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and ruled from 1503 BC. m. Until 1482 BC. M. Distinguish outdated military strength, construction and flights carried out. The eldest daughter of Pharaoh of Egypt, King Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose, her mother and her father the king had fathered an illegitimate son of Tuthmosis II, is accepted to marry him the tradition of royal families to participate together in power after his death, and that a solution to the problem of the heir to his.

This queen left the many mysteries and secrets and may be more of those puzzles raise the personality of "die," the engineer who built a famous temple in Deir el-Bahari, which gave him 80 career titles and was responsible for the care of her only daughter has reached the love for Mlicth to dig a tunnel between the cemetery and the tomb. If historians were hints to indicate the presence of love have been collected Monday they're going to die, Hatshepsut, the queen and his valet had also participated in "The life of legendary" and ended each end of the mysterious still a mystery until now.

Rule
Known rule of Hatshepsut, peace and prosperity where she had tried its utmost for the development of relations, especially trade with the countries of the ancient Near East to prevent any wars with them.

Taking office

Dgsr Dgsro is the main building in the mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahari Hatshepsut. Designed to die as an example of which corresponds to the full thousand years before الپارثينون. Hatshepsut faced many problems in the beginning due to its rule from behind the curtain without an official and some historians argue that they had killed her husband and her brother Tuthmosis II to seize power. On the other hand experience problems with the people who thought she was a woman most people can not govern the country, as it was known as the King in accordance with the representative of the god Horus, the ruling on the ground. So it was always wearing a dress festooned with men, and she is the daughter of Amon rumored to convince people that they can rule. At the same time was the legitimate heir, Tuthmosis III was still a boy and could not care of the interests of the country. Hatshepsut also worked on the rule of the country to grow up, and took into account that grow up, Tuthmosis III, a military education so that he can take the reins of power later. Hatshepsut was active trade with neighboring Egypt, where trade was in poor condition, especially in the reign of King Thutmose II, ordered the construction of several facilities, the Temple of Karnak, also established a temple in Deir el-Bahri in Luxor, characterized by outdated peace and prosperity

Missions to the country's Neighborhood
Focused on Hatshepsut Egyptian commercial fleet and established large vessels and exploited in the inward transfer of obelisks, which ordered added to the Karnak temple in praise of the god Amun or send ships to exchange trade missions with its neighbors, and their outdated prosperity and peace in Egypt, and increased demand for recreational items brought in by the merchant fleets of neighboring countries.


Statues of the Azores in the Temple of Hatshepsut Deir el-Bahri in Luxor - the West.
Hatshepsut in the form of Horus Temple of Luxor. Mission Atlantic Ocean: Queen Hatshepsut sent a large fleet to the Atlantic Ocean and trade flourished with the Atlantic Ocean for the importation of certain types of rare fish.

Mission Puntland: Queen Hatshepsut sent a trade mission on board large vessels are the navigation on the Red Sea, loaded with gifts and goods such as Egyptian papyrus and linen to Puntland, Somalia (now), Laa King Pont Mission was received well, then returned laden with large quantities of wild animals, wood and incense , ebony, ivory, leather and precious stones. Portrayed Queen Hatshepsut News that mission on the walls of the Temple of Deir el-Bahari on the west bank of the Nile Andaloqsr. Still color graphics that decorate this temple Brongaha flourish and retain their beauty to a large extent.

Mission Aswan: Also depicted on the walls of Deir el-Bahari Temple of Hatshepsut, describes the mission to the granite quarries at Aswan to bring the huge stones of the facility. And has established a Mslten Aswan granite with great praise of the god Amun is each about 35 tons, were then transported on the Nile so good and took Almseltan count in the Temple of Karnak in Luxor. When you visit Napoleon during the French campaign on Egypt in 1879 ordered the transfer of one Almslten to France, which until now adorn the Place de la Concorde in the French capital Paris.

And admired by historians and engineers to this day, the Egyptians the ability to transfer that Almslten from Aswan to Luxor. The process of downloading Almslten and then transferred to ships on the Nile and Inzalhma on land, and then transferred to a place on the ground they build is not easy at all. And more than that too is the construction of Almseltan in the place of choice are exactly in front of the edifice which was built by Queen Anspsot Karnak Temple a few meters away from the edifice. Engineers are still so far put the theories of the method used by the ancient Egyptian engineer to carry out this Herculean task. Not only that, has issued orders the establishment of Hatshepsut Obelisk Obelisk is the largest in human history consists of a single piece of stone weighing over 1000 tons to put them to the temple of Karnak, the ancient Egyptian engineers left after discovering the crack to prevent their use. And is currently visiting tourists from all over the world to see the miracle of the obelisk that incomplete processing in the quarry of Aswan. And ask themselves: How would the ancient Egyptians the transfer of these giant obelisk to the Temple of Karnak? One described the methods of German Egyptologists cut stone that the ancient Egyptians were dealing with the stone as if it were butter, and actually can be seen in a quarry in Aswan.

Hatshepsut in popular culture
Of the most famous queen who ruled Egypt and Tulane is one of the beautiful, and Hatshepsut is the first of the glove and bounced to a birth defect, finger (6 or more in the fingers of one hand) did not people know only after seeing the mummy In most of the statues made of her was her hands they seem to nature reserves The order sculptors so, is also the first of the glove embroidered with precious stones

Roman civilization

Roman civilization

Civilization is a Romanian or ancient Rome, one of the greatest civilizations of Europe after the Hellenistic civilization. Historians do not know how and when the Rome. But was asserting control over all of Italy south of the peninsula is now known as Florence, and that was in 275 BC. And during the next two centuries, the Romans managed to build an empire spanned what is now Spain to South Asia via the northern coast of Africa and included later all that remains from Europe empire. Have merged the Hellenic culture

Architecture
Romanian architecture and inherited all the arts of architecture and sculpture, decorative art dictatorship and be spread throughout the Romanian empire in the sense that what was carried out in Rome was implemented in all states of the empire. In spite of this, we find some difference in some temples and been obliged to take this form, either because change the time or place as it exists in some temples, Romanian, Syria, where Syrian architect interested in Roman times, cutting body than in any other place. Vamarp Romanian as we have derived almost all its elements of Hellenism, but the Romans added Tabahm of the unmistakable one, This is evident in the temple of vulnerability ((Fortina Werleis s -2. m)) in Rome, one of the oldest temples Romanian is beautiful and the most important characteristic of Romanian civilization lack of attention they used to content themselves with religious temples Bmihrab in every home is the most important religious temples, which is another example of models Architectural Ceval in Tivoli have used the concrete that was used by the East but in the fortifications, and the Romans knew how to hide the form acceptable to the others through the concrete resurfacing brick or stone.

And the most important characteristic of Romanian architecture is the way it has used this new architecture, so that it tended to pay attention to the buildings of Romanian culture is the great civilizations of Europe after the Hellenistic civilization. Historians do not know how and when the Rome. But was asserting control over all of Italy south of the peninsula is now known as Florence, and that was in 275 BC. And during the next two centuries, the Romans managed to build an empire spanned what is now Spain to South Asia via the northern coast of Africa and included later all that remains from Europe empire. Have merged the Hellenic culture.

Secular than religious and public places for a special and also use different forms of contracts that have been taken several forms beautiful.

Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt in the history of ancient Egypt, and Pharaoh of Egypt of 1334 BC, 1325. M. In the era of the modern state. Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaohs for reasons not related to the accomplishments achieved or where the victorious wars, but for other reasons not considered important historically is the most prominent is the discovery of his tomb and treasures in full without any damage and mystery surrounding the circumstances of his death was considered much hailed the death of Pharaoh at a very early age thing abnormal, especially with the presence of traces of a broken thigh bone and skull and the marriage of a minister from his widow after his death, declaring himself Pharaoh. All of these mysterious events and heavy usage of the myth of the curse of the pharaohs associated with the tomb of Tutankhamun that were used in movies and video games made Tutankhamun Pharaohs months for reasons completely unrelated to the historical importance or the achievements of his later achievements during the short-pharaoh of Egypt, but mysteries and unanswered questions considered by some assassinations of the oldest in human history.

Tutankhamun was 9 years old when he became pharaoh of Egypt and his name in Ancient Egyptian means "the living image of the god Amun", a large Ancient Egyptian gods. Tutankhamun lived in a transitional period in the history of ancient Egypt, where he came from after Akhenaten, who tried to unite the gods of ancient Egypt in the form of the one God was in his return to the worship of multiple gods of ancient Egypt. His tomb was discovered in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings by British archaeologist Howard Carter and the latest discovery much fanfare and widespread in the world. Beginnings

Amenhotep III (1390 - 1353 BC. M.) Great wives and Queen Tiye (1390-1340 BC. M.) Gave birth to the pharaoh Akhenaten, who was also known as Amenhotep IV.
Akhenaten (1353 - 1336 BC. M.) In addition to his wife Nefertiti Home (1352 - 1340 BC. M.) Had a secondary wife named Kenya and is likely to be the mother of Tutankhamun (1332 - 1322 BC. M..)
Tutankhamun (1332 - 1322 BC. M.) Became Pharaoh of Egypt as a child and died in mysterious circumstances and his wife was an unknown name Ankhesen Amon.
Which came after the pharaoh Tutankhamun was a minister former خپر خپرو Re Ai, who married Ammon's widow Ankhesen Tutankhamun
During Tutankhamun's reign began from Tel el-Amarna revolution against the former pharaoh Akhenaten, who moved the capital from Thebes to the new capital furnace sister Menia and tried to unify the multiple gods of ancient Egypt, including the god Amun in the form of one god, Aten. In 1331 BC. M. Ie, in the third year of the rule of Tutankhamun, who was 11 years of age and the impact of the Minister خپر خپرو Re ie, lifting the ban on the worship of multiple gods and returned the capital to Thebes.

There is a belief that the death of Tutankhamun was not for reasons satisfactory, but it may be a result of the assassination of the Minister خپرخپرو Re Aye arrange it and there is plenty of evidence supplied by the believers in this theory, for example, marriage minister خپرخپرو Aye of Ra Tutankhamun's widow, where he was found the seal of Pharaonic and called it Ankh Sun Amun Tutankhamun's widow and there is also a letter sent by Sun Ankh Amon (Tutankhamen's widow) to the Hittite king asking him to send one of his sons for the purpose of marrying her after the death of her husband and the king of the Hittites to send one of his sons to marry a widow Tutankhamun but he died before he could enter the land of Egypt, there is a belief that he was assassinated, probably by the Minister of masterminding خپرخپرو Ra Ai apparently had been planning to seize the throne of Egypt and consequently killed the Pharaoh Tutankhamun and the groom killed his widow, but this hypothesis and there was no conclusive evidence to prove all of these theories.

It is noteworthy that the historical evidence indicate the presence of ministers of Tutankhamen Aye, one that was mentioned and the other was named Horemheb and there is archaeological evidence confirms that after the death of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye receive the reins of power for a short period to be replaced by the Second Minister of Horemheb, which was destroyed in the custody of most of the evidence of the reign of Tutankhamen, Minister Aye and this confirms to some conspiracy theory and the fact that the death of Tutankhamen, the result of a murder and not for reasons satisfactory rule of King Tut was about ten years 0
More Ahtma of his death is that he has died because of the small illness or died, God willing

For a long time was the cause of death of Tutankhamun controversial issue and there were a lot of conspiracy theories that she thinks the idea that he did not die but was killed in the assassination. In the March 8, 2005 as a result of the use of imaging software Acharhristi three-dimensional three-dimensional CT scans of Tutankhamun's mummy, said the Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass, said there was no any evidence that Tutankhamun had been subjected to the assassination, adding that the hole in his skull for some reason no longer receiving a blow to the head as previously thought, but these were the events of this slot after death for the purpose of embalming, Zahi Hawass explained the break in the left thigh bone, which has long been linked to the theory of the murder as a result of a broken thigh bone suffered Tutankhamun before his death, perhaps resulting from inflammation This fraction may cause his death.

Recent analysis also showed that the bone of the oral cavity, the roof of Tutankhamun was not complete, the height of Tutankhamun 170 cm and the length of the catch skull length greater than normal, prompting the proposal of interconnected Marfan syndrome Marfan's syndrome as a cause of premature death and this case, transmitted by hereditary autosomal dominant genes.

The final report of the Group of Egyptian archaeologists said the cause of death was blood poisoning fracture in the femur in which he was Tutankhamun, which led to الگانگرين Gangrene which is a cell death and tissue and analyze the result of secretion of enzymes from the muscles of dead due to lack of access to oxygen through the blood .

Before this report, there were attempts to learn the cause of death using X-rays X-rays of the mummy of Tutankhamun was at Liverpool University and the University of Michigan in 1968 and 1978, respectively, and reached two universities to the discovery of a dark spot under the skull of Tutankhamun from the back, which was interpreted in Kinsev the brain, which led to the spread of the hypothesis that he had received a blow on the head led to bleeding in the brain and death

Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun

The so-called Valley of the Kings on the west bank of the River Nile in the vicinity of good for a period of 450 years during the reign of the modern state from the date of the ancient Egyptians, which stretched from 1539 to 1075 BC as a tomb for the pharaoh of this period as there is in the Rift Valley, which is 20,000 square Maigarb 27 square meters belonging to the graves of three royal families of the Egyptian family eighteenth and nineteenth Egyptian family and the Egyptian family was discovered twenty-to this day

Believed that the valley includes at least 30 graves that have not been discovered so far. Graves discovered in the Valley of the Kings so far and in chronological order, return to the rule of the Pharaohs Thutmose I, Amenhotep II and Tutankhamun and Horemheb They Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, Ramses I and Seti I and Ramses II and Aminmsis and City are the second and Sptah of the Egyptian family nineteenth Nachti West, Ramses III and Ramses IV and Ramses V and Ramses IX are of the Egyptian family XX. There are the tombs of other pharaohs of the unknown is still ongoing attempts to knowledge.

The construction of the tomb of the pharaoh usually begins just days after his inauguration on Egypt and Pharaoh was likely to take on the construction of decades and the workers using simple tools such as ax to dig a long grooves and the formation of small rooms in the valley and over time there were tombs built over the graves and if the construction of tunnels and canyons of the new lead mostly to the blockage of corridors leading to the tomb of the pharaoh older, the lack of systematic planning this was the main reason that led to the survival of these treasures and not to be subjected to the theft of thousands of years.


The main shrine to the tomb of Tutankhamun Omonfi November 4, 1922 when he was an archaeologist and specialist in the history of ancient Egypt, Howard Carter, the British excavations at the entrance to the tunnel leading to the tomb of Ramses VI in the Valley of the Kings and noticed a large cellar and continued exploration flour to entering the room containing the tomb of Tutankhamun Amon was on the walls of the room containing the mausoleum of the great fees in the form of pictures tells the story of Tutankhamun's departure to the world of the dead and the scene was very good for the world of Howard Carter, who had seen the room through a hole in his hand a candle and said to his assistant asked him, "Can you see any something? " Fjaoppe Carter "Yes, I see wonderful things."

In February 16, 1923 Howard Carter (1874 to 1939) was the first man in more than 3000 years the land set foot room containing a coffin of Tutankhamun. Carter noted the existence of a wooden box inlaid with inscriptions in gold in the middle of the room and when he raised the Fund noted that the Fund was a second fund covers decorated with gold and decorated with inlaid second fund raising when he noted that the second fund was the fund covers the third restaurant in gold and when you raise a third fund Carter arrived on the sarcophagus which was covered with a thick layer of stone carved in the form of a statue of Tutankhamun, and when you lift the lid of the stone Altabutalzahbi Carter arrived to the main body was on the Statue of Tutankhamun and the golden coffin was covered coffins Admin others in the form of statues of the young Pharaoh. Howard met with difficulty in lifting the shroud Golden III, who was covering the mummy of Tutankhamun's mummy on Carter said he thought the shroud exposed to heat Egypt blazing summer sun will be enough to separate the golden coffin of the mummy, but his attempts failed and forced the latter to cut the golden coffin in half to reach the mummy which was wrapped in layers of silk, after removing the shroud of fabric found the mummy of Tutankhamun was decorated full of necklaces, rings, sticks and Crown were all of pure gold, to remove these artifacts excavation team had to separate the skull and bones of major joints and remove the jewelry after the team brought the installation structure majority of the mummy and put him in a wooden coffin.

Civilization of the ancient Egyptians or the Pharaonic civilization is a civilization which, in Egypt under the rule of different families since the dawn of pharaonic history, even the Roman invasion of Egypt over 3000 years.
Were not the ancient Egyptian civilization civilized slip at the age of time. Because their civilization was their characteristics individually cultural and monumental achievements and originality. This is what gave it the credibility of the authenticity of all civilizations. Or making it the undisputed world civilizations. This civilization Mkutha and more impressed and well known of the ancient civilizations. We have carried civilization ancient Egyptians The Ancient Egyptians Civilization along the Nile River in northeast Africa since the year 5000 BC. M. To the year 30 BC. .. M It is the longest continuity of the old world civilization, and is intended the ancient Egyptian civilization in terms of geography that civilization, which originated in the valley and the Nile Delta, where he lived the ancient Egyptians. Culturally, the word civilization of their language and rituals, traditions, and organization to their lives and manage their own life, administrative, and their perception of the nature around them and dealing with the neighboring peoples, the first people Astons cats.

The Nile River, which is the civilization of the ancient Egyptians Npa over the hills of Ethiopia in East Africa and the headwaters of the Nile in southern Sudan heading north from the Sudan to Egypt to the flood comes every year to feed the soil with clay. This phenomenon is made of natural flood Egypt's economy was growing renewable dependent mainly on agriculture. It helped at the emergence of civilization is also free of clouds and sky brightness of the sun supervisory almost throughout the year to provide the ancient Egyptians Ialdfou and light. Egypt is also protected from neighbors to the west desert and the sea from the north and east, and the presence of waterfalls (reef) in the south of heart on the Nile, making it to the ground almost deserted. In this land back two of the Seven Wonders. The two pyramids at Giza and the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The oldest archaeological site plant heart. The years since 6000 a grazing area by the summer rains fall grazing cattle even since 4899 years ago, when it declined by rain. Discovered by the stone circles were the Scanbp communities in the region, including the village was fed by 18 wells of water beneath the surface of tiles Mijuleci build a large statue of a cow-like sculpture of a large rock. The village consists of 18 beta. And the cemetery where many of the cattle were found on structures in the rooms of the mud. This indicates that people who worship cows. Found stoves were used. And bones of deer and hares and sherd pottery and decorated ostrich egg shells. But there is no landfill or remnants of humanity in the plant. This indicates that the Bedouins were nomads come to plant every summer, where water and pasture. And marriage and trade and the establishment of religious rituals.

In the field of astronomy, we find that the ancient Egyptians had set up oldest observatory in the world and before the era of pyramid-building since the period of time by the sun and the stars, where they established evidence stone Mijalithat Megaliths. It is a circle of stone erected since 7000 years in the southern desert in Egypt. Almijalithat before the establishment of sites in England, Britain and Europe a thousand years as the site's famous Stonehenge.

The plant site was discovered several years ago and consists of a small stone circle. Lübbe bones of cattle and five lines of stones and tiles slash Ahadjrbp disclosed slash a mile from the site and some at altitudes of 9 feet. All Tile buried soil above the rock is flat. This site appears to have the four cardinal points and determines the solar equinox. The Active Service by the small stone cattle bones and five lines of Mijulithat italics. This site has been built on the shore of Lake congregate in rain water in summer time. Where herds of cattle driven to the plant in the Neolithic period since 10 thousand years. The nomadic herdsmen come to in the rainy season even since the year 4800 declined by as monsoon towards South Ghellab to become barren region. This was the small circle diameter of 12 feet with four groups of tiles list where you can see the horizon. The two groups put faith to the north and south and groups Alochritan put faith on the horizon Equinox solar saving time. The descendants after 2000 years have been displaced for the Nile Valley and established the ancient Egyptian civilization, particularly after Oagafrat this area of pastoral and climate change. And settled in the year 4000 BC. M. Upper Egypt, especially in the old Nizhne Naqada and Abydos (see: Badari). This spatial stability make the ancient Egyptian civilization and creativity Mdnithm on their land. Wares science, literature and traditions and customs, literature and stories and myths and left after them recordings mural and a manuscript on a papyrus of the mainstreaming of innovative civilization. Vcedoa Kalohramat large buildings, temples and tombs, which has defied time. In addition to manuscripts, drawings, Anakouchet and colorful pictures, which remained until today.

They were treated papyrus as to create the kind Atmarh him, and wrote their own history, science, customs and traditions to be a message to their grandchildren and the world. They were written on, in the hieroglyphic writing is graphic in which the symbol reflects the image are known. And devised concepts in arithmetic, geometry and studied medicine, dentistry and worked their calendar according to their observations of the sun and the stars. Although the ancient Egyptians who worship many gods, but the divine invitation reunification emerged at the hands of King Akhenaten feature of belief. They are also the first to Souroaptda faith life in the Hereafter. These concepts were not found at other peoples. And built and decorated the graves decorated term occupancy and have to live by the eternal existence. Egypt was the superpower in the world was the old and the political influence often extends its influence to neighboring countries in east Asia and west Africa. Heart and to the south and Puntland, Somalia. The ancient Egyptians firing over their land Kemet Kimmitt any black earth that provide them with the Nile silt was also called rational Deshret any ground reference for the color red sands of the desert that is burning under the sun. The abundance of the flood water has made them Ivimon network of irrigation and agriculture and manufactured boats for navigation, transport and fishing river. And gave them the land, jewels, precious metals such as gold, silver and copper. And were exchanging goods with neighboring countries. The history of Egypt we find start since 8000 BC. M. In the south-eastern Egypt, when the Sudanese border, north-east. The people who came to her sponsors and this area was a magnet where he was the plains Hchachep grazing and climate was hospitable and by lakes of water from monsoon rains. The monuments show that they were settlers there grazing livestock. They left after them in large buildings 6000 BC. M.

The agriculture began in the town of Badari six 5000 BC. M. The Fayum settlers before planting Badari thousand years. The city of Mermaid in the Delta on its western border since 4500 BC. M. Bhutto appeared in the city of pottery decorated pottery is different from the model in Upper Egypt. There was a difference between the ancient Egyptians between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in doctrine and burial of the dead and architecture. The King Menes in 3100 BC. M. And united the two countries (of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt). He puts on his head Thrones white symbolizes the face of tribal and red for the sea. And make the King of Memphis Memphis Mena united capital and was located west of the Nile at Giza and Abydos royal tomb, which moved to Saqqara during the era of the Old Kingdom. See: Al-Ahram. The population of Egypt before the Dynastic Period (5000 BC. M. - 3000 BC. M.) Currently only hundreds of thousands and during the Old Kingdom (2575 BC. M. - 2134 BC. M.) Numbered about 2 million people during the Middle Kingdom (2040 BC. M. -- 1640 BC. m.) increased in number and during the New Kingdom (1550 BC. m. - 1070 BC. m.) reached Aladdinm 3 - 4 million people. In the Hellenistic period (332 BC. M .- 30 BC. M.) Reached No. 7 million people. Egypt and then entered the Roman era. The Egyptians adjacent river. Because it was an agricultural community of Memphis and a good two important when each of the capital. And education and was independent writing in ancient Egypt and the writing and reading stretched between a small proportion of the ruling elite or clerks in the administrative apparatus. The sons of the royal family and the ruling elite learn to minors. And the rest of the people were taught in schools or temples Mounzul. And the education of girls was confined to writing and reading at home. The teachers were strict and use beatings. The sofas school learning to read and write and write letters and other texts. The manuscripts were kept in the house of life, a house conservation in each temple and more like a library. He was educated in ancient Egypt studying mathematics, geometry, fractions and combine and medicine. I found books in internal medicine, surgery and treatment, pharmaceutical and veterinary dentistry. All of the copy books, including literature and religious texts.

The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799 during the French campaign was carved in 196 BC. M. Accordingly, three languages and hieroglyphic Aldemutkip (Coptic and are intended to modern language to the ancient Egyptians) and the Hellenic. At the time of discovery of the mystery language of the Aevsr for hundreds of years. Because the first two languages were at the time of the dead languages. Until the world was France's Jean-Francois Champollion, and interpreted such language after the matched text Hellenic and other hieroglyphic texts. This indicates that these languages were prevalent during the rule of the Ptolemaic Greeks to Egypt for more than 150 years. The hieroglyphic religious language spoken in the temples and demotic language was the language of popular writing and the language of Hellenistic rulers, the Greeks. Was the glorification of the content writing Pharaoh Msroinjazath good for the priests and people of Egypt. Was written by priests to public and private reading of senior Egyptian and the ruling class. Champollion was able to decode hieroglyphics in 1822 paving the way acquainted with the ancient Egyptian civilization and decryption cracking cases and the translation of sciences after the revival of the language after Muatha over the centuries. The hieroglyphic and Obhaditha considering anyone who wants to study Egyptology. It then developed hieroglyphic of Heratkip Dimutkip and then to the Coptic.

The Ancient Egyptians, their calendar time since the early stage and was based on the Mlahzanhm of the sun and the stars, heaven and dates of the Nile flood every year. They have used their calendar to record historical events and festivals and scheduling decisions Norik property. It was the first attempt to make a calendar in 8000 BC. M. When making the stone circles (see: Avpere. And Stonehenge) in the southern-most corner of the west of Egypt now. It was used to observe the stars and their movements. They divided the 24-hour day (12 day and 12 night) and week 10 days month, 3 weeks or 30 days. Year and 12 months. It was divided into three chapters, each chapter 4 months ago. The year was equivalent to 360 days. The ancient Egyptians, then add 5 days every day of this five-day festival recalls the birth of a god. And this year will be full Pharaonic 365 days. It is almost close to the solar year is, except for a quarter of the difference in the day of each calendar year did not know well on every 4 years.

The ancient Egyptians Balgdid of innovative creations and stunning the world both in the mummification (article), music, sculpture, literature, painting, architecture and drama. After days of consolidation Mbena religious belief have become a feature of official pluralism valuable gods and theology and the environment have an impact on religious thought and worship, where the Pharaonic gods taken human or animal forms, or a combination of them. These forms Jsdwiha ancient Egyptian forces of nature and its elements. And the formation of myths and stories about their gods and their world to understand the complex interactions in the universe around them. Religious belief played a big role in their lives and have had their impact on the arts and thoughts about life in the Hereafter and the idea of the Baath and the Resurrection and relationships Bgamanm. The art Kalnan bilateral dimensions and drawing on the walls of temples and tombs and coffins, the dead and the caskets and papyrus. The Egyptian artists Iggsmon personal photos Bmlamhaa expressive Ttin rate of time and space in these pictures vBSEO Klodomn through hieroglyphic drawings that accompany and be part of the wonderful work of art. The owner of the statue's name is placed on al Qaeda or next to it.

And the pyramids we find the grandeur of architecture reflects the ancient Egyptians. This wild huge tombs have four triangular walls converge at the point of the summit of the hill which represents the primitive origin of life in myths of creation, or represent the strong sunlight. They have built about 100 pyramid as a rest house and to their rulers after death. The square-shaped temple toward the east-west line sunrise and sunset. The ancient Egyptians believed that the model of the temple built by humans can be a natural environment suitable for the gods. Greeks have benefited from the ancient Egyptians in sculpture, architecture, philosophy and theology (see: Amenhotep) .. The ancient Egyptians have been masters of art works of stone, metal and glass-making and the normal color. Exploration revealed the effects of pre-history era in Egypt since 6000 BC. M. The presence of archaeological sites of southern Egypt on the border with Sudan, where they were found to burial places and the establishment of Aloebad, ceremonies, and graves of the cattle, which proves that consecrated. The graves were found human crafts, weapons and utensils dating to this era, which indicates the existence of the doctrine of after death. The doctrine is based on the ancient Egyptians represented the sun in the doctrine of Re and Horus and the furnace and Stative. And the moon represented the doctrine of berry and Khonsu and the earth, represented in the doctrine of pocket. The sky goddess Nut and Shuo Menhit god of wind and humidity. Isis, Osiris, and the rulers of the underworld. Most of these revolved around the gods mythology. And became Amun-Re, after the merger are the doctrine of Amun - Ra as king of the gods.

There was a local worship the gods of region-specific in Egypt. The king was the high priest practiced rituals of the festivals and the priests were performed in the days to the regular temples. The common people to Aidechlunha only to serve. The Egyptians are interested in life after death and the living graves and Izinunha Ejehzona and pictures and furniture. They were mummified after death care (article) Dead. They were put in coffins amulets and talisman around the mummy. They write texts on magic or fabric on the walls of the cemetery and papyrus to bury him. This was the text to protect and guide him in the underworld.

In ancient Egypt the king is the absolute ruler and spiritual leader and the link between people and gods. He was supported by the minister and the administrative system, followed by the magicians. The king was commander of the army and his commanders and the army soldiers from the Egyptian valuable age twenty-fifth to forty years. The sentence was genetically between children in most of the time, except Horemheb (1319 BC. M.), Who was a leader and his successor, Ramses I, who was not of royal blood. Rarely was a woman who ruled Egypt except Hatshepsut, who ruled in the family of 18 after the death of her husband Tuthmosis II in 1479 BC. M. And shared governance with Thutmose III. The Egyptians believe that God the King and King god. After his death lead him to remain ritual god. It was usually nicknamed the owner and the King of the Two Lands of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt (Nile Delta in the north and the south valley. The people of Egypt's economy on agriculture dependent on the Nile, which was Imdmsr water and crop varieties such as grain, particularly barley, wheat, fruits and vegetables. Mmazm and agricultural land was owned by the king and the temples. The sweep means irrigation After the flood recedes. I have discovered many reserved mummies were found in all parts of the world in all continents where they follow mummification mummification all continents. and the word origin of the word hieroglyphics mummy "mm", which means wax or tar, which was used in mummification processes. was derived from later Mummy Aantchert floor and then to the Indo-European languages. This word mummy apply to all the human remains of soft tissue. and mummification may be present in every continent but the way related to how the ancient Egyptians to this is attributed to them. It was the first study of the mummies were in the 19 century. and not Egyptian mummies just rolls of linen cloth damage by dead bodies only. mode, but the existence of permanent homes for life. and this is how scam on death.